Anita Agnihotri (nee Chatterjee) was born and spent her childhood in Kolkata. She earned a Bachelor of Arts in Economics at Presidency College in Kolkata, and graduated with a Masters in Economics from Calcutta University. She was selected for the IAS in 1980 to the Odisha cadre. She went on to have a 37 year career in the civil service. As an IAS, she was Collector of Sundargarh district of Odisha and was Principal Secretary in departments such as Textiles and Industries. In 1991, she took a sabbatical from IAS and completed Masters in Development Economics from the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. At the centre, she was a joint DG in Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) between 1996 and 2001, and then Development Commissioner of SEEPZ, Mumbai in 2008-2011 at the rank of Joint Secretary. She was also the member secretary of the National Commission for Women. She retired in 2016 as Secretary, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India